折纸建筑.茶谷正洋.中国电力出版社.22 元;16.8元;23.8元.共三本.

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后身体(文化权力和生命政治学)/话语行动译丛
编者:汪民安 陈永国  

这个是dvd：
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建筑的艺术观 译者:(美)史坦利·亚伯克隆比著 吴玉成  

路易斯·I·康:秩序的理念 作者:(瑞士)加斯特 50元 

赖特景观.建工出版社.59元

黑川纪章 城市设计的思想与手法.建工.56元

Italian Cities and Landscapes
an architect's sketchbook
William H.Fain,JR.
published in the United States of America in 2007 by Balcony Press 

A World History of Architecture
作者:Marian Moffett   
 

街道与广场(第2版)(国外城市设计丛书)
作者:(英国)克利夫·芒福汀   译者:张永刚 陈卫东  

When one travels and works with visual things—architecture, painting or sculpture—one uses one's eyes and draws ,so as to fix deep down in one's experience what is seen. Once the impression has been recorded by the pencil, it stays for good—entered, registered, inscribed. The camera is a tool for idlers, who use a machine to do their seeing for them. To draw oneself, to trace the lines, handle the volumes, organize the surface...all these means first to look, and then for observe and finally perhaps to discover...and it is then that inspiration may come. Inventing, creating, one's whole being is drawn into action, and it is this action which counts. Others stood indifferent —but you saw!                      

                    —— LE CORBUSIER, Creation is a Patient Search,1960

As Louis I Kahn observed “The more one looks, the more one will come to see.”

           ——Italian Cities and Landscapes      an architect's sketchbook
                           William H. Fain, J R.
                           published in the United States of America in 2007 by Balcony Press

Looking at drawing, in the final analysis, bring within our sight all the wonderfully liberatory, crucially social and particularly historical aspects of architecture as a craft, a profession, and an intellectual calling. It reminds us of architecture’s possibilities, and its limits: its capacity for experiment and its potential for exclusivity; its spiritual generosity and its institutional parsimony. Looking at drawing allows us to see, as all good drawing should, the image of itself and of its maker in all their complexity and nakedness. Most of all, looking at drawing allows us to join the making of architecture with the architecture of its making.

                —— EDWARD ROBBINS, Why Architects Draw, 1994

20080925拙政园和苏州博物馆
20080926木渎严家花园-羡院
20080927上午游览网师园下午抵上海，晚上看外滩
20080928陆家嘴金茂顶层和东方明珠塔上
20080929豫园和淮海路
20080930规划展示馆和外滩傍晚以及南京路夜景
20081001上海博物馆
20081002市民广场北极飞川
20081003总统府
20081004中山陵
20081005雨花台和夜秦淮
20081006夫子庙
20081007明孝陵和植物园

20081010 欧洲建筑保护的报告
20081023 模糊边界
20081024 景观先行
20081025 放飞思维
20081027 韦钰院士讲座
20081103 西安古城保护与发展——和红星
20081105 南京与罗马古城保护与利用展览
20081107 南京罗马城墙比较研究国际研讨会
20081111 历史建筑修复
20081124 南大—董豫赣国际化背景下特色的中国园林
20081211 藤本壮介讲座

20081016 王建国老师上午讲课和晚上报告
20081017 听课葛明的建筑理论课
20081023 城市设计-王建国
20081105 仲老师讲课-已有ppt
20081120 古典亭榭小品设计
20081208 陈薇园林第三讲
20081212 近现代建筑史课-已有ppt

 20081023 东南大学学生测绘展
20081112 仲老师讲课-已有ppt和韩国学生作业
20081124 Walking through Le Corbusier
20081104 翻拍苏州园林
20081214 PETS5 考试南京大学

7. The sustainability approach: future scenarios for the village
In the rapidly changing Chinese context, the SUCCESS project developed future scenarios for sustainability-oriented rural settlements. From proto-sustainable to contemporaneous sustainable village systems—the SUCCESS process supported an emerging future, respecting human needs combined with the needs of nature. The concept of sustainability can be traced back to Chinese tradition. In ancient Chinese texts on ethical attitudes of human to natural resources and to the future of both, nature and humans-as part of nature—can be integrated into the contemporary discourse on “sustainability”, with focus on Confucians and Taoist texts as well as pre-Han period “environmental laws”. Therefore, the persuasive moral dimension of historical experience and ancient good governance practice should have a certain impact on the evaluation of contemporary and possible future scenario building for a “sustainability-oriented” treatment of natural resources and the application in techniques and methods in the context of a growing interdependent globalising economic and political environment.
Both Chinese and European researchers found a common knowledge base in the definition of sustainability proposed by the SUCCESS scientists Dumreicher and Levine and made their sustainability analysis according to this operational definition. In this way, the definition served as a final cross-disciplinary analysis tool (see above).
This approach opened the discourse to the emergence of sustainable city-regions that use as components, tools, disciplines and methods, those sustainability-oriented means that can be implemented as the building blocks of sustainability for an integrated development of human settlements. This can be a major step in developing the theoretical framework for the forthcoming global sustainability discussion where Europe as well as China will be important players.

8. Project management design: interdisciplinary case studies
The SUCCESS project case study approach can be summarised briefly as follows:
• Common field study visits of the whole research team in all 7 selected villages.
• Integration conferences with innovative methodologies for inter-disciplinarity.
• Implementation of 7 local sustainability.
• Official selection of 3 of the case study villages as ecological model villages.
• Systemic approach allowing for numerous feed back loops, including presentations of systemic research results to the villagers, to local government agencies and to the scientific community.
In addition to this general approach, a modular procedure was adopted to field study visits and subsequent work in the SUCCESS project. The modules covered the following topics:
• Ecology.
• Economy.
• Socio-cultural patterns.
• Built environment: buildings and semi-public space.

9. Module ecology
The central question for sustainable development in rural areas of China is how to organise the transition from the existing situation to a country that is part of a global economy. Sustainable solutions have to be adapted to the particular regional characteristics and with harmonised development of small- and medium-sized urban centres. Migrations from villages to regional urban centres will empower regions to support the transition processes and to prepare themselves for the necessary framework conditions. A strategy of “diverse regional flowers” will also enhance the capacities of China to solve future challenges. Key challenges are the education of people and the interactions between “bottom-up” and “top-down” approaches for governing the processes.
The traditional strong link in China between climate, local qualities and building, between bio climates and planning, is actually under stress. Learning from the past could give insight in those traditions, combining them with the emerging know how from Europe and the US.
The module ecology performed critique of the existing environmental situation in the Chinese rural areas. Improved water distribution among households, agriculture and industry seems to be inevitable. The sanitary situation is also unsatisfactory. In many villages, the main problem is the unsustainable use of water resources in the whole region. This problem cannot be solved for a single village but needs a master plan involving the whole province and adjacent regions. All villages face a growing waste problem. While, in the past, all waste could be composted and used on the fields, a growing share of persistent and toxic materials will cause long term problems if no proper waste management can be organised. There seems to be a high potential for renewable energy use; some practical results form SUCCESS show the feasibility of renewable energy policies.

10. Module economy
The SUCCESS project has attracted the attention of the Chinese Science and Technology Ministry (MOST) because of the “participatory rural development” speciality of the SUCCESS project. The village Xiao Qi has been selected by MOST as the candidate model project of Sino-European Union science and technology co-operation. The feeling of ownership expressed in the villages will be quite high and translated into more effective maintenance regimes for the assets created in future development.
The future could be a multi-functional agriculture. Food safety should be the major ambition in Chinese agriculture delivering healthy food (not burdened with chemicals) and, at the same time, leaving an intact natural environment. The cultural landscape should become a value in Chinese society and farmers operating an agriculture that preserves natural structures could become the keepers and “architects” of an attractive landscape. Agriculture with gentle tourism, based on good practice in Europe and on similar programmes in China like “Nung jia le”, can be a fruitful combination even for remote villages. Attractive regions and a diverse landscape with rich vegetation, typical regional products and a vital socio-cultural rural life will be in great demand in the future, as the Chinese urban population will also look for places outside the cities for relaxation. A multi-functional agriculture, which could stabilise social and ecological structures in rural areas, needs to find approval by the public; it also rewards and needs to be reflected in supporting political measures. These should become manifest in fair prices for organic food and financial support for farmers in terms of subsidies, subventions and state-aided credits.
A “better-off life” for farmers and the rural population will be achieved through state intervention in the form of agricultural subsidies, price regulation or production quotas, through larger farm sizes and through the promotion of high-quality labour-intensive agricultural products.
For the present in China, the focus might be directed on at least five aspects for a village developing in a sustainable way: scientific planning, sustainability in economy development, preservation of the social culture and architecture style, intensive utilisation of resources, life-long learning of farmers. “Future village” means that it is a place which can support people's life within sustainability, which not only includes the material sphere, such as natural resource utilisation, environmental improvement and landscape protection but also the non-material sphere, such as folk arts, traditional dancing and socio-cultural integrity supported by the built environment. The experience of the SUCCES study showed that there is a manifest potential for such a development, provided these future perspectives get the support not only form the village and its political entities, but also from high level administration.
Concerning the future for economic regional development, a number of important recommendations can be made. In particular, support for stronger communication and organisation between villages in a regional context can encourage the development of new ideas and innovation as well as strengthening of power relations from the small villages vis-a-vis the big conurbations or big enterprises. Such a regional network will encourage villagers to get economically active in a pro-active way taking responsibility for the social and natural environment of their villages. The well-introduced monthly and yearly regional markets can serve a first basis for these networks.

11. Module socio-cultural patterns
This module generated a differentiated picture to the following the essential questions:
• How does the local and neighbouring urban population want to live in the future?
• What is the perception of the quality of life in the Chinese villages?
• Can the answers to these questions be brought in line with a sustainability approach?
In the theoretical results, a link was found between social and spatial aspects of sustainability. The village is not a static entity but a dynamic one that undergoes constant rapid changes in housing, working conditions and modernisation, in general. In this module, 7 fields of spatial and social conditions were considered as a societal basis for future action towards sustainability:
1. “Me”—the human body: Individual safety and integrity, self-respect, health and medical care.
2. “This is my house”—the house with the inner courtyard: right to have a family and a social network supporting the human being and infrastructure of the house.
3. “This is my street”—the village with its streets, shops, public spaces, school, temples, meeting squares and family trees; positioning and living in a given community; challenge for education, information and cultural identity as well as assuming responsibilities for other people; neighbourhood-mobility.
4. “The Village border”—the edge of the village, the spatial “in-between”: the challenge to test new activities within a community, osmotic space of possibilities between inside and outside.
5. “The village and the region”: the village as a part of the broader regional community with chances for urban–rural partnership and mobility into the region with public transport systems.
6. “The National Chinese territory”: visibility and traceability of national rules and regulations, negotiation process between the traditional Yin-Yang rules into modernity and the shared worldview.
7. “The Globe”: accepted place and role in the world community, raising uncertainty.

12. Module built environment
12.1. Energy
The results show significant differences between villages, even within this small sample of seven villages. These differences are due to a combination of diverse factors including the economic wealth and development of each village as well as its location and specific circumstances. In the majority of instances, the domestic sector dominates delivered energy consumption (fuels and electricity obtained by the villagers to provide basic thermal comfort, light, services, etc.). The industrial, commercial and transport sectors can be significant causes of energy demand depending on local circumstances. In relative terms, the agricultural and administrative sectors have low impact on energy demand. Within the domestic sector, cooking, water heating and space heating account for the greatest contribution to total delivered energy consumption. Whilst local climate conditions play some part in the demand for space heating, other considerations, such as economic wealth and access to suitable fuels, are important. Although primary energy consumption (an indicator of energy resource depletion) and CO2 emissions (a key factor in global climate change) generally reflect estimated delivered energy consumption, local differences in the sources of fuels and electricity can modify actual results. This emphasises the need to take into account all relevant local factors when attempting to evaluate the representative magnitude and pattern of primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions for individual villages.
Assessment of baseline delivered energy demand, primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions provided the foundation for investigations into potential energy efficiency improvements and the utilisation of local renewable energy sources. Substantial energy savings were found to be possible, especially in relation to space heating and cooking where cleaner and safer equipment and energy sources could be used. It was noted that thermal insulation and natural cooling for existing and new housing would provide significant benefits, particularly when incomes rise and artificial space heating and air conditioning are wrongly regarded as the only practical means to achieve acceptable levels of thermal comfort when it is too cold or too hot, respectively. It was established that all villages have significant renewable energy potential, the specific details of which depend, obviously, on local circumstances. Relevant technologies, which were identified, included biomass energy (biogas, energy crops and wood), hydropower, and passive and active solar energy. Combining these with energy efficiency improvements would enable substantial cumulative reductions in primary energy consumption (71–96%) and CO2 emissions (84–98%) to be achieved.
The work carried out in the villages and the proposals made resulted in an increased commitment to sustainable development practices through improved awareness of how energy systems affect the lives of the villagers. These changes were noted both within the study areas and the surrounding districts and through a wider commitment by decision-makers to develop an improved lifestyle by means of “sustainability-oriented” energy development.
12.2. Urban design: a modelling process
The systems model investigated the village metabolism. One of the contributions and findings of the sustainability-oriented urbanistic research was the development and implementation of a systems dynamics modelling programme through which the villagers could come to understand the metabolism of their individual family's lifestyle and economy as well as the village's sustainability-oriented metabolism and the relationships between the two. Through such a multiple scenario negotiation and modelling process, villagers would be able to ask many “what if” questions about the future of their village and determine, with relatively little outside assistance, how to both work with their families and village on a sustainable basis and at the same time increase their living conditions and life possibilities.
12.3. Semi-public space: the Chinese courtyard as a living space and its vernacular architectural form
The Chinese courtyards play a vital role for co-living and for socio-economic activities. It is an architectural framework for day-to-day-life that combines living and working. Diverse semi-public space is good at using local materials and realising the ideal solution in terms of local resources, social life, rural economy and local architecture pattern. Semi-public space is a long-term developing process relating to the social pattern of the community in the village which links the public and private life of farmers. Because of the special social structure of Chinese villages, semi-public space provides the basis for public communications among the farmers, especially in old villages. Semi-public space as a transition space from “public to private” creates a relaxed and lively atmosphere in the village “space structure”. Moreover, with changes in the social pattern of the villages, some new functions are being created for public activities, which lead to a more open and vivid communication atmosphere. Compared to most old villages, newly built villages lack of rich semi-public space because of the function-oriented designing process. Therefore, the challenge for urbanistic development of villages is how to preserve the current diverse semi-public space system and adopt it to the modern life in the villages with the participation of villagers.
12.4. Upgrading Chinese traditional rural housing
The SUCCESS team was impressed by the diversity of local buildings in rural areas. Choosing convenient local material, further developing local technology and local building tradition are the three important steps for localising a process at the scale of the village, at the same time providing examples for replicability. Building a house is a social activity in China: usually, all the family members and many neighbours or friends and relatives will be involved in the building process in a village. So, it is not only a building activity but also a social and non-monetary economic activity, exchanging working hours without money. Moreover, the designers and builders are the users of the house, so it is a well-informed process throughout the whole duration of the building work.
Based on this understanding, it was realised that, in order to keep up a long-term sustainable building process, the architects should follow a participatory way to explore various and complex factors and seek to balance the conflicts between urbanisation and preservation. When facing the big influence of the Chinese urbanisation process to the rural building process, it is necessary to discuss with the villagers how to upgrade their local houses to a modern life with respect to the current cultural landscape in the village and to re-animate the local housing system.
An example of this is the public bathhouse for the village of Xia Futou, a concept that was developed together with the Dumreicher, Kolb and Marschalek, the social scientists of Oikodrom, and with the two architects Bouillot and Levine. The participatory process for discussing the way to build, manage and maintain such a public bathhouse was initiated and is expected to continue even after the SUCCESS project—and after the actual building process.

13. Replicability and life after the project
Overview of benefits and successes during the study period:
• An understanding that simple changes in lifestyle offer massive potential for the improvement of the quality of life of the residents and the wider environment.
• A realisation that many aspects of the “traditional” Chinese lifestyles are sustainable and “modern” in their desires and effects with regards to sustainability and environmental impact.
• Improved awareness of how energy consumption affects the lives of the villagers.
• Villagers were given the knowledge that, in many cases, the movement towards what is seen as a “modern” lifestyle has implications, which may reduce rather than enhance the sustainability of village life.
Dissemination is important for the potential replicability of the SUCCESS project approach. Key dissemination activities were facilitated by the “exhibition on the move” and the video films produced during the course of the SUCCESS project. Articles on the villages were published in the local Chinese media (both in print and on television). There were also visits from local and regional officials. At the research level, results have been presented at numerous international conferences (see annex list of international presentations).
The Project inspired a professional documentary film “Jeder Siebte Mensch” by Ina Ivanceanu and Elke Groen, which was selected by the prestigious Film Festival Viennale presented on October 24, 2006, in Vienna.

14. Conclusion
This article gives an overview to the SUCCESS project, with a specific approach to sustainability embedded in a project framework of four modules, along the scientific areas: ecology, economy, socio-cultural, and architecture, applied on seven Chinese villages, within a transdisciplinary research setting. The aim of the project was to develop scenarios of a sustainable future for Chinese villages, and raising the question whether the village can persist into the future. Based on the findings from the field surveys and results of data analysis the research team formulated “Recommendations for achieving Sustainable Development in China's Rural Communities” (Beijing 2005), which were presented on the final SUCCESS conference in Beijing 2005. These recommendations emphasise the importance of focussing on the rural communities in future and include concrete recommendations from all modules.

References
Dumreicher and Kolb, 2005 Dumreicher, H., Kolb, B., 2005. The definition of sustainability in the view of social science, seven Chinese villages and their potential for a sustainable future. In: Dana K.R., Habib H.M. (Eds.), Environmental Sustainability: The Challenge of Awareness in Developing Societies, Proceedings of PLEA, Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Lebanon, vol. 2, NDU Press, November 13–16 (presentation+publication), pp. 921–926.
Dumreicher, 2005 Dumreicher, H., Knoflacher, M., Kolb, B., Kopcsa, A. (Eds.), 2005. Von der Information zum Wissen, Die Forschungslandschaft der Nachhaltigkeit aus bibliometrischer und hermeneutischer Sicht, Das Beispiel österreichischer Kulturlandschaftsforschung, Koordinationsstelle der Kulturlandschaftsforschung Österreich, bm:bwk, Wien, CD, ISBN:3-85224-118-9.
Levine et al., 1999 Levine, R.S., Dumreicher, H., Radmard, T., Yanarella, E.J., 1999. The sustainable city of the 21st century: Westbahnhof, Vienna—theory and practice. In: XXth UIA Proceedings, Beijing, China, pp. 68–72.
SUCCESS Consortium, 2005 SUCCESS Consortium, 2005. Recommendations for Achieving Sustainable Development in China's Rural Communities, Beijing, April.
Annex
SUCCESS overall project presentations
Dumreicher, H., 2005. SUCCESS—a sustainable future for Chinese villages, scientific summary. In: International Conference on Sustainability, Jinma Hotel, China Agricultural University, Beijing, April 22.
Dumreicher, H., 2006. SUCCESS—a sustainable future for Chinese villages. International Symposium “Chinese Villages and their Sustainable Future”, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, January 16.
Dumreicher, H., 2006. Oikodrom stadtplaene, Nr. 28, Vienna.
Dumreicher, H., Lu, H., Levine R.S., 2006. A Sustainable Future for Chinese Villages and Towns. Tsinghua University, Beijing, April 12.
Dumreicher, H., 2006. Chinese villages and their sustainable future: The EU-China-Research Project “SUCCESS”. In: Conference Proceedings, The Twelfth Annual International Sustainable Development Research Conference, Hong Kong, April 6–8.
Liu, Y., 2005. Introduction of the China-EU Project on sustainable development for Chinese rural communities. In: International Conference on Sustainability, Jinma Conference Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, April 22.
Prändl-Zika, V., 2006. Chinese Villages and their Sustainable Future-SUCCESS—Sustainable Users Concepts for China Engaging Scientific Scenarios at Minister Counsellor Science & Technology, European Union Delegation in Beijing, April 6.
Prändl-Zika, V., 2006. Chinese Villages and their Sustainable Future-SUCCESS—Sustainable Users Concepts for China Engaging Scientific Scenarios, Ministry of Agriculture Beijing (MOA), April 7.
List of international presentations of results of the SUCCESS Project, as of June 2007
Bouillot, J., 2005. In: Climatic impact on design and planning. In: International Conference on Sustainability, Jinma Conference Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, April 22.
Dalkmann, H., 2005. Mobility and living conditions in Chinese rural areas. In: International Conference on Sustainability, Jinma Conference Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, April 22.
Dalkmann, H., 2006. Sustainable mobility: pathways for rural China from an European perspective. International Symposium “Chinese Villages and their Sustainable Future”, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, January 16.
Dumreicher, H., Kolb, B., 2005. The definition of sustainability in the view of social science, seven Chinese villages and their potential for a sustainable future. In: Dana K.R., Habib, H.M. (Eds.), Environmental Sustainability: The Challenge of Awareness in Developing Societies, Proceedings of PLEA, Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Lebanon, vol. 2. NDU Press, pp. 921–926, November 13–16 (presentation+publication).
Dumreicher, H., Kolb, B., 2006. China: Place as a Social Space: Seven fields of Encounter. Chinese University, Hongkong, April 7.
Dumreicher, H., Kolb, B., 2006. Architecture and Social Science: Seven Fields of Encounter. Zhengzhou University, Henan, April 16.
Dumreicher, H., Kolb, B., 2006. My house, my street. In: IAPS Conference, Alexandria, September 11–15.
Huang, J., He, J., 2005. Traditional culture and modern economy. In: International Conference on Sustainability, Jinma Conference Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, April 22.
Huang, J., 2005. Sustainability under the local eco-cultural niche: case study in Du Jia, Presentation, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Shanghai, April 25–26.
Kolb, B., 2006. Social sustainability in Chinese villages. International Symposium: Chinese Villages and their Sustainable Future, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, January 16.
Kolb, B., 2006. The photo interview: a participatory method of visual sociology, In: Presentation on the Third Mid-term Conference of the European Sociological Association, Qualitative Methods Research Network: Advances in Qualitative Research Practice, Cardiff University, Wales, UK, September 4–6.
Levine, R.S., Hughes, M., Mather, C.R., Dumreicher, H., Lu, H., 2005. The proto-sustainable Chinese village as generator of the future Chinese City. In: International Conference on Sustainability, Jinma Conference Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, April 22.
Liu, Y., Zhou, X., 2005. The sustainable future of Chinese rural communities in the social-economic perspective, Report on participatory social-economic analysis. In: International Conference on Sustainability, Jinma Conference Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, April 22.
Lu, H., 2005. Real or ideal? Public Bathhouse leads the way to a sustainable community. In: International Conference on Sustainability, Jinma Conference Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, April 22.
Lu, H., 2006. The role of participatory in the upgrading and preservation process of the vernacular architectures. In: Twelfth Annual Sustainable Development Research Conference, April 6–8.
Lu, H., 2006. Architecture without architect-study of self-organisation pattern and its evolution of Chinese vernacular architecture. In: Fourteenth Chinese Academic Conference on Vernacular Architecture, September 24–26.
Lu, H., 2006. Sustainable development approach in a Chinese traditional village under the condition of fast urbanization, 3. International Forum on Urbanism: Modernisation and Regionalism Reinventing the Urban Identity, October 17–20.
Marschalek, I., 2006. Participatory Research International Symposium: Chinese Villages and their Sustainable Future, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, January 16.
Marschalek, I., Wagner, D., 2005. Partizipation in der Nachhaltigkeitsforschung, Salzburger Armutskonferenz 2004, Conference Proceedings, April.
Marschalek, I., 2005. Observed Impact of the SUCCESS Study at Three Levels, Presentation, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Shanghai, April 25–26.
Marschalek, I., 2005. Participatory Research Design, Poster Presentation at the International Seminar: participation and Relationship in the urban and regional context. Tools and Methodologies for local empowerment, Naples, September15–17.
Marschalek, I., 2006. Participation processes in seven Chinese villages towards sustainable future images by implementing small project concepts. In: 11th International Conference on Urban Planning & Regional Development in the Information Society—CORP, February 16.
Marschalek, I., 2006. Participatory Research in Rural China, ALARPM 7th & PAR 11th World Congress Action Research, Groningen, The Netherlands, August 21–24.
Mortimer, N., Grant, J., 2005. Paths to energy sustainability in Chinese villages. In: International Conference on Sustainability, Jinma Conference Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, April 22.
Prändl-Zika, V., 2005. From Organic Cultivation towards Sustainable Agriculture, An Ideal Concept-Considerations for China, International Conference on Sustainability, Jinma Conference Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, April 22.
Prändl-Zika, V., 2005. From organic cultivation towards sustainable agriculture, an ideal concept-considerations for China. Presentation, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Shanghai, April 25–26.
Prändl-Zika, V., 2006. China—from subsistence farming towards a sustainable agriculture. In: International Symposium “Chinese Villages and their Sustainable Future”, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, January 16.
Prändl-Zika, V., 2006. A multifunctional agriculture for China, sustainability aspects considering the spatial dimension. In: 11th International Conference on Urban Planning & Regional Development in the Information Society—CORP, February 16.
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Prändl-Zika, V., 2006. Eco-Tourism in the Context of Sustainable Agriculture, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, April 11.
Prändl-Zika, V., 2006. China-from subsistence farming towards a sustainable agriculture, poster presentation. In: ESSP Open Science Conference “Global Environmental Change: Regional Challenges”, Beijing, November 9–11.
Prändl-Zika, V., 2007. Urban Sprawl in China—land use change at the transition from village to town. Presentation, Holcim Forum 2007-Urban_Trans_Formation, Shanghai, April.
Wagner, D., 2005. Sustainable regional economy trough regional networks. In: International Conference on Sustainability, Jinma Conference Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, April 22.
Wagner, D., 2006. Circular Economy, at the International Symposium “Chinese Villages and their Sustainable Future”, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, January 16.
Zhao, J., 2005. Urban and society development of a Chinese outskirt village. In: International Conference on Sustainability, Jinma Conference Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, April 22.
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European Commission 5th Framework Programme Project No. ICA4-CT-2002-10007. 2002–2005, www.china-eu-success.org
Tel.: +43 1 9842351; fax: +43 1 9842351/2.

                                 Chinese villages and their sustainable future:
                                 The European Union-China-Research Project “SUCCESS”
Heidi Dumreicher, a,
aOikodrom—The Vienna Institute for Urban Sustainability, Brunhildengasse 1/3, 1150 Vienna, Austria
Received 30 October 2006;  revised 19 June 2007;  accepted 22 June 2007.  Available online 20 September 2007.
Abstract
   China has 800,000 villages—one person out of seven on the globe is living in a Chinese rural settlement. Yet the global discussions about the situation in China is currently characterised by a disproportionate focus on the development of towns and until now circumstances have generally been neglected in the rural areas, where 70% of the Chinese population is still living. Within the 5 years of the SUCCESS project research, this set of actual problems has been considered and analysed under the principle of sustainability: “What to maintain?” “What to change?” were the overall research questions asked in the SUCCESS project; the researchers were looking for answers under a sustainability regime, respecting the need to raise the quality of life in the villages. Several interweaving processes were used to achieve results: the inter-disciplinary research process between many areas of expertise, the trans-disciplinary process between the researchers and the Chinese villagers, and a negotiation process that made the connection between these two processes.
The introduction describes the basic sustainability definition that was orienting the whole study. The innovation lays mostly in the methodology: the inter-disciplinary research co-operation related to practice and to involving the affected communities is needed to manage the significant and growing imbalances between urban and rural areas regarding their sustainability.
   In the transdisciplinary work, the project developed “village future sentences” that describe the local outcome of the research as one step towards better theoretical understanding of the mechanisms that could lead to a sustainable future, and they also managed to start sustainability processes in the case study sites. The integrated approach of the project helped generating future scenarios for these villages covering all aspects of their development, including urban design issues. Out of these scenarios, the villages developed small projects that could be implemented during the research period. This work made an important impact on community thinking within these villages. However, it can also be seen as contributing to the dramatically changing development process in China, by finding a balance between traditional and contemporary approaches.
   In particular, the approach demonstrated a new, inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary negotiation processes whereby the local knowledge and the expert knowledge find common ground and outcomes. The article follows the hypothesis that only comprehensive concepts can contribute to an upgraded living standard, where living spaces and rural life should be recognised and esteemed in the future as a complement to urban lifestyles within the Chinese society. Innovative knowledge generation—such as the “systemic structure constellation” technique or the systems model approach-helped to bring out latent needs, hopes and potential of the villagers.
    Besides the practical usage of these implemented projects, the process leading there showed the stakeholders their own fields of action. One major impact of these projects is the visibility of the results, which is crucial for villagers’ awareness, their self-confidence and their experience with a successful participation in decision-making processes. Another impact is the potential for replicating results of sustainability-oriented patterns throughout China, especially as three of the villages have been nominated official model villages.
    Scenarios of a sustainable future for Chinese villages were the objective of the SUCCESS project. The first condition for this future is the question whether they can persist into the future—and to picture the importance of the rural environment and living space as a relevant element of Chinese life that needs to get a better image and more attention from the authorities and from the public opinion.
    Therefore, the final sentence that the whole research consortium, composed of 17 scientific institutions from European Union and China, agreed upon as a common result for the SUCCESS project, is as follows: “China is composed of a rich diversity of villages with many attractive qualities and essential resources for the future growth of the whole country; we recommend that policy makers cherish the human and natural potential of the rural economy and environment so that villages provide the foundation for sustainable development of this progressive nation” [Dumreicher, H., 2006. SUCCESS—a sustainable future for Chinese villages. International Symposium “Chinese Villages and their Sustainable Future”, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, January 16]. This sentence was used in papers that where sent to different Chinese authorities by the Chinese partners and found its way, as a sort of “unofficial Charta”, towards governmental agencies at national and provincial levels.
    The team carried out a 5-year-research study in rural China, aiming at establishing future images under the premises of sustainability. But the basic topic that needed to be tackled with was the question whether at all those villages could persist in the coming decades of rapid development. Therefore, the first aim of the study was to establish the importance of the rural environment and living space as a basis for the future of China.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. A concept of deep sustainability as guiding principle
3. Generation of knowledge in the SUCCESS project: the case study approach
4. From present to future: village future sentences
5. The adaptive sustainability negotiation process and small project concepts
6. Inter-disciplinarity
7. The sustainability approach: future scenarios for the village
8. Project management design: interdisciplinary case studies
9. Module ecology
10. Module economy
11. Module socio-cultural patterns
12. Module built environment
12.1. Energy
12.2. Urban design: a modelling process
12.3. Semi-public space: the Chinese courtyard as a living space and its vernacular architectural form
12.4. Upgrading Chinese traditional rural housing
13. Replicability and life after the project
14. Conclusion
    Further Reading

    References

1. Introduction
China has 800,000 villages—one person out of seven on the globe is living in a Chinese rural settlement. Yet the global discussions about the situation in China is currently characterised by a disproportionate focus on development in towns and cities and, until now, circumstances have been generally neglected in the rural areas, where 70% of the Chinese population are still living. The urbanisation process attracts millions of farmers towards the towns and cities; but within a sustainability approach, this process needs a counter-force: showing the potential of life in the rural areas. This needs complex measures that China has started to develop, like raising the living standards in the rural areas, reducing the agricultural taxes, improving the infrastructure, creating new jobs, promoting a health system and providing education. But most of the conversations with the farmers also showed that they want, expect and need more respect for their present and future role in China. Such a complex process would create hope and trust in the possibilities of rural activities. The Chinese Small Town strategies take these needs into account, by creating new human settlements in the neglected rural areas.
As for the SUCCESS project (Fig. 1), it started from the hypothesis that an inter-disciplinary research co-operation related to practice and to involving the affected communities is needed in order to manage the significant and growing imbalances between urban and rural areas regarding their sustainability. In this context, the European Union-China co-operation project SUCCESS carried out case studies in seven villages in six Chinese provinces, asking the question “What to maintain?” and “What to change?”.
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Fig. 1. China Map showing the 7 SUCCESS Case Study Settlements, See document 01 Dumreicher 7 Chinese settlements.
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The project performed several steps towards a better theoretical understanding of the mechanisms that could lead to a sustainable future, and it also managed to start sustainability processes in the case study sites.
The project followed an integrated approach in order to generate future scenarios for these villages covering all aspects of their development, including urban design issues. This work made an important impact on community thinking within these villages. However, it can also be seen as contributing to the dramatically changing development process in China, by finding a balance between traditional and contemporary approaches.
In particular, the approach demonstrated a new, inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary negotiation processes whereby the local knowledge and the expert knowledge find common ground and outcomes. A set of new tools and techniques for such processes, facilitating the face-to-face interchange between experts of very different disciplines has been developed in order to give a broad basis for the common concept of strong sustainability which was agreed upon as the guiding principle for the creation of future images for these villages. This is based on the principle that only comprehensive concepts can contribute to an upgraded living standard, where living spaces and rural life should be recognised and esteemed in the future as a complement to urban lifestyles within the Chinese society. Innovative knowledge generation—such as the “systemic structure constellation” technique or the systems model approach-helped to bring out latent needs, hopes and potential of the villagers.
The SUCCESS project was co-ordinated by Oikodrom, the Vienna Institute for Urban Sustainability, and the research was carried out by a project team from both China and the European Union, conducted together with local Chinese team leaders who initiated a participatory process in each of the case study villages with the aim of involving villagers in a “sustainability negotiation process”. Regular meetings in the so-called future labs assembled village dwellers and representatives to formulate future images for their village. In a next step, the stakeholders developed concepts for sustainability-oriented projects in their villages that could be implemented during the 3-year-period of SUCCESS. At end of the 3 years duration of the SUCCESS project, each of the seven case study villages had worked out small project concepts and realised them.
Besides the practical usage of these implemented projects, the process leading there showed the stakeholders their own fields of action. One major impact of these projects is the visibility of the results, which is crucial for villagers’ awareness, their self-confidence and their experience with a successful participation in decision-making processes. Another impact is the potential for replicating results of sustainability-oriented patterns throughout China, especially as three of the villages have been nominated official model villages.
The Chinese farmers have carried the economy, shaped the landscape and formed the Chinese worldview, in addition to Daoism, Buddhism and Confucianism. Today, they live under present and future of uncertainty due to rapid societal change, urbanisation, falling prices for agricultural products, reduced health care provision or increasing income disparity—but with renewed perception of self-worth. Future images of sustainability have a stake in China, as environmental and societal damage are discussed openly and daily. Even the forthcoming 2008 Olympic Games that will take place in China are often put in a context of necessary environmental policies, and the new 5-year-plan (2006–2010) sets sustainability as one of the official goals.
Massive political encouragement and economic opportunities lead villagers in China to give up their rural occupations and to look for work in towns and cities, especially in the building and industrial sectors. The SUCCESS project has established models in seven Chinese villages that show an alternative: through a participatory process between researchers and villagers, future images and scenarios have emerged, giving rural areas and their inhabitants a new and sustainable role for China in the new millennium. At the same time, the village teams have established practical projects that have been implemented during the 3-year study period. The SUCCESS project developed the “deep sustainability” approach and showed the “spaces of possibilities” that can be opened with a future image of sustainability, leading to recommendations for governmental agencies as well as for local cadres and activists.

2. A concept of deep sustainability as guiding principle
“Sustainability is a local, informed, participatory, balance-seeking process, operating within a Sustainable Area Budget, exporting no harmful imbalances beyond its territory or into the future, thus opening the spaces of opportunity and possibility” (Levine et al., 1999). This was the commonly agreed definition that all researchers considered as guiding principle. The social scientists in the SUCCESS study developed more precise explanations to this operational definition:
Local: The local qualities become significant under specific conditions, especially when the past is still alive in a place. People have developed social strategies to explain their past in order to come to terms with it. These strategies still have an impact on changing social situations concerning the present but even more on the capacity of imagining a future.
Informed: Getting information is part of communication, which needs societal skills that start at an early stage of individual development. The first formal approach to information is delivered and practised in the schools—and it was found that every selected village, even the one with less than 100 inhabitants, has a village school, often run under difficult conditions. Primary education in these local schools represents a basic system for achieving the skills that allow for communication with the informed part of the world. The villages have a sophisticated mix of formal and informal information systems (neighbours, markets, television, lessons, etc.) and an expressed need for input from the scientific field, which served as a basis for the lively engagement with the SUCCESS scientists.
Participatory: This definition is a targeting approach—it does not describe a state but a movement. The sustainability negotiation process needs knowledge and also creates knowledge; it needs participation and also enhances participation. This “learning by doing” approach has several levels of intensity: individual learning (personal skills), community level (village organisation and governance), regional to national level (administrative policy).
A balance-seeking process: While the task of the natural scientists and systems analysts should be to develop tools for mirroring the material flow consequences of specific future choices, the social point of view on this balance seeking process takes into account the social balances and social justice in a village during the time of transition and change.
Sustainability is exporting no harmful imbalances beyond its territory or into the future: Sustainability deals with a future that has a quality not yet found in present models. The future is often seen as a continuity of existing patterns, a sort of surrogate future. In the sustainability discourse, the future stands for a new quality of thinking and goes beyond the usual planning horizon.
Spaces of possibilities—sustainability considers the future as an open space where socio cultural quality of life, economic equity and ecological needs to converge towards a balance: From the social point of view, spaces of possibilities are opportunities for new human activities within the society. Imagining spaces of possibilities is in itself a social action that shows the participants in the process what their possibilities are. The social group that is undertaking this sustainability process defines its own potential and its own field of action, and can experiment with their own power of transformation—at first in thought, then in practical terms (Dumreicher and Kolb, 2005).

3. Generation of knowledge in the SUCCESS project: the case study approach
The main innovation in the SUCCESS project was to develop new techniques and tools for integrated, comprehensive research approaches, applying the research principles of inter-disciplinarity and trans-disciplinarity. A special “communication architecture” was established for face-to-face meetings with innovative moderation techniques that created an atmosphere of trust and an effective means for discussion and collaboration between Chinese and European researchers. Following the definition of the Austrian research programme “Austrian Landscape Research”, trans-disciplinarity means co-operation between researchers and non-researchers (Dumreicher, 2005). The first such co-operation took place by integrating governmental agencies into the SUCCESS project; they took part in the field research as well as in the regular face-to-face-meetings between the 17 participants (Fig. 2).
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Fig. 2. The Interdisciplinary Negotiation Process, See pdf. Document 01 Dumreicher Graph 2 Negotiation Process.
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The SUCCESS project adopted the concept that involving people from governmental agencies in the whole research agenda was the best way to have subsequent results “go up the ladder” of hierarchies within the formal organisational structure of China. At the end of the work, some final comments proved this approach had been successful. In their final papers with semi public character, the participants from the China Centre for Town Reform and Development (CCTRD, a governmental agency dealing with the New Town Strategy) referred to the question of “Learning from SUCCESS” as follows: “The participatory approach learnt from the SUCCESS project has been introduced to the research staff in CCTRD, which have and will improve field visits and investigations in the future when CCTRD is drafting official documents for rural development. The idea of how to improve the capacity of villagers over the management of public goods had been recognised by more and more researchers and officials. The mechanism innovated from the SUCCESS project could be replicated to more villages to enhance the social development in rural areas.”
After participating in field visits and taking part in integration meetings throughout the SUCCESS project, participants from the Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Centre (LCRC, another governmental agency working in SUCCES) referred to Chinese Rural Policies in the following way:
Despite drastic economic development, Chinese government is increasingly aware that sustainable development is the key issue for the whole country and it would be a big mistake if economic development was at the cost of environmental degradation.
Just as important as collaboration with governmental agencies (the “top-down approach”) was co-operation with the villagers (the “bottom-up approach”), whereby the local team leaders initiated a participatory process in each of the case study villages, conducting a sustainability negotiation process between experts on the one hand, villagers on the other. Several innovative tools were used to assure the effective application of the participatory approach—which nearly all researchers saw as a major feature in the SUCCESS project. Besides the methods of PRA and the photo interview (see Chapter Dumreicher/Kolb in this volume), the participatory video film was found to have unexpectedly good results. By providing special skills, such as the use of a video camera in a Chinese village to marginalised people or people who are at the lower ranks of society, such as young women or people from highly impoverished households, the participatory video film activity helped to strengthen their position within the village community and allowed people to cross boundaries of age, gender and income. At the same time, it made sure that their voices, their inherent knowledge and their visions made their way into the whole SUCCESS project.

4. From present to future: village future sentences
One method that was equally applicable between the scientists as well as among the village dwellers was the development of “future sentences” that would reverberate the villagers’ future views. These sentences are the result of experts meetings as well as “sitting under the tree” in the villagers under the guidance of SUCCESS experts. During several feed back loops between these two groups, the stakeholders agreed upon the following future sentences as a result of the “sustainability negotiation process”—and as a basis for a common sustainability process in the village that can have a life after the experts have left:
Xia Futou, Henan: “Xia Futou has a balanced, happy, satisfied life for everybody by integration of all parts.”
Jiang Jiazhai, Shaanxi: “Jiang Jiazhai is a balanced system changing actively. It has increased public community space with manufacturing capacity.”
Chi Qiao, Shanxi: “Chi Qiao is a prosperous adventure park of the Jinci temple with eco-agriculture and historical heritage as resources.”
Xiao Qi, Jiangxi: “Xiao Qi is a paradise landscape with classical architecture and eco-tourism without pollution giving benefit for all villagers.”
Bei Suzha, Hebei: “Bei Suzha is a tourist resort with biological production, having a variety of small industries, working places and services. It has good governance for extending yin and yang into its future.”
Du Jia, Yunnan: “Du Jia is a sustainable village based on agriculture. It has regional and local identity with good education to improve the quality of life.”
San Yuan, Yunnan: “San Yuan is a village with harmony between nature and material, between persons and spirit, between built environment, society and natural environment. It is rich, convenient and comfortable with balance seeking soft tourism and organic farming, it is wealthy in the material life with bright hope.”
These sentences show the overall future concepts that have emerged through the expert discussion on the one hand and through the numerous village “future laboratories” on the other, thereby serving the sustainability negotiation process.

5. The adaptive sustainability negotiation process and small project concepts
Through the intense participatory approach in the village, most village communities have actually started future activities: Some villages were declared model villages, some have managed to establish biogas for heating and cooking for every household (financed by regional offices), some realised concepts for public service utilities or cultural facilities for supporting village integrity that differ from the “normal” infrastructure demands like cultural centres and basketball playgrounds. One village even managed to build a public bathhouse (with the financial and material support from all party members in the village) that will serve hygiene needs as well as the conviviality in the village, thereby raising the quality of life as a whole.
Besides participatory research methods, the possibility for villagers to generate concepts for sustainability-oriented projects in their villages, supporting them by seeking financial support from regional, provincial or governmental agencies was an innovative action within the SUCCESS project. By the end of the 3-year study period of SUCCESS project, each of the 7 case study villages had investigated and realised small project concepts. In all villages, the concept for a small project at village scale that can represent the basic features of sustainability has become a vehicle for the communication between experts and villagers. This participatory procedure produced very diverse local results.
Bei Suzha, Hebei: The local team developed a tool for educating farmers, involving a package for the transition to a rural sustainability farming concept for a village very near to a big town. They have established a soft ware centre in the village.
Xia Futou, Henan: During the “future laboratories” in the village, the hope of the villagers to maintain their village's integrity became more and more clear. As a symbolical action, the women, especially, pleaded to develop the concept for a public bathhouse. This exercise became an example for a scenario building process in architecture, including the expert knowledge on solar energy, community organisation, economic management and agriculture. By means of interactive work or “research loops”, this scenario was built up. The effect of this common discussion has greatly influenced the atmosphere in the village and the official opening ceremony took place in April 2006. All the party members in the village dedicated several working days each in order to complete the necessary work on infrastructure (road and water supply). A management concept for the future was also put in place, allowing for a system that gives access even to the very poor, at the same time generating some economic revenue for the managers.
Jiang Jiazhai, Shaanxi: The main concern in this village is to find its own local identity after the whole village has recently been displaced form its original dwelling place. The discussions turned around the need for economic wealth on the one hand and the search for cultural identity on the other. During the SUCCESS project, the local Chinese team leaders carried out a focused co-operation with the adjacent university and managed to find financial support that allowed for building a paved village road instead of the former mud road. Through the “future laboratories” in the village, this road has a local character that allows for “village life on the street”—a place for working, but also for cultural activities like weddings or funerals that can now be held in a good village environment.
Chi Qiao, Shanxi: This village with its connection to the famous Jin Ci temple gets much impact from the past. Yet, in the present, it is looking for its possible future image. The village is the nearest of all SUCCESS villages to an urban area (the provincial capital of Taiyuan) and, therefore, it shows best the rapid societal change in China. However, it is also very aware of the past. The small project concept “hands-in-hands” has led to a partnership between the local school and the University of Taiyuan. Through the vivid discussions and learning in this process, the village has gained attractiveness and could overcome the extremely depressed overall atmosphere that reigned at the beginning of the study. The small old village temple, nearly destroyed, found a group of female Buddhist nuns who have reconstructed the temple by means of local donations as well as from other provinces. Local centres for economic activities have emerged—such as a co-operative for women making clothes that are sold in the city of Taiyuan.
Xiao Qi, Jiangxi: In terms of combining old and new qualities, this settlement has a lesson to teach. Over more than a century, it has lived with migration to the outside world, but is also has an experience with people who have left the village but are still in connection with it, partly by giving donations to the schools, partly by coming back from time-to-time, partly by maintaining contact with the rest of the family that has remained in the village with financial support and partly by coming back during the old age and serving the community as teachers or in other professional capacities. For a sustainable future, this village gives important answers. Suggestions from the architects and urbanists led to the construction of a new parking place for visitors’ buses that respects the “genius loci” of this tourist village. The SUCCESS project also led to changes in the village organisation, adding to the transparency of the appointment and operation of local management.
San Yuan, Yunnan: The visit of the SUCCESS experts in itself gave an input to the village. The fact that this poor and remote minority village could attract Chinese and foreign experts were a sign for the villagers that even they, notwithstanding their modest status, might have a good future. One big step was also accomplished in relation to the gender discussion. Whereas at the beginning, men would state “women outside no”, the team leader has established a women's course for Dongba culture in the village, teaching traditional local dancing as well as Naxi writing. A concept for a better shape for the village washing place has been devised by the SUCCESS architects as a basis for further discussion with local dwellers, regional authorities or donor agencies.
Du Jia, Yunnan: With less than 100 dwellers, this was the smallest and most remote of all villages. Bat the beginning of the SUCCESS project; the local scientific team leader described the village as “proto-sustainability without development” as opposed to other Chinese regions that are characterised by “development without sustainability”. This was the case study for establishing a systems model of material flows through the village as a means for supporting the sustainability negotiation process. The local team has managed to get the attention of the provincial administration, which gave financial support for providing biogas installations for every household. The village has also built a social meeting place for basketball and dancing. Encouraged by these successes, the village has decided to become an ecological model village.
The outcomes of this participatory process are many and diverse according to the applied y definition that sees sustainability always as a local process with local features. One major impact of the small project concepts is the visibility of results, which is crucial for the villagers’ awareness and confidence and their successful participation in decision-making processes. Another impact is the replicability of the results. Evaluation of the small project concepts enables correlation with the outcomes of these disciplinary analyses and the village typologies worked out by the SUCCESS Consortium (2005). The regular feedback loops from the villages enhanced and strengthened the research results, increasing the likelihood of greater acceptance and applicability. In terms of “life after the project”, greater self-organisation and competence in problem solving in the villages has been identified and there was a growing interest of local authorities during formal and non-formal meetings (equally essential). From most villages, information is emerging about ongoing activities based on the research and events during the SUCCESS project.
All villages have a better understanding of a life in harmony between men and nature; they experimented with their own field of action and got some confidence in tackling with their own future.

001◎老鼠一发威，大家都是病猫。
002◎和一MM争论鲸鱼是不是鱼，最后我说“曰本人也带个人字”，她这才同意鲸鱼不是鱼。
003◎男人膝下有黄金，我把整个腿都切下来了，连块铜也没找着！
004◎春天我把玉米埋在土里，到了秋天我就会收获很多玉米。春天我把老婆埋在土里，到了秋天我就会…被枪毙！
005◎如果你看到面前的阴影，别怕，那是因为你的背后有阳光！
006◎踏遍青楼人未老，请用汇仁肾宝。
007◎听君一席话，省我十本书！
008◎0岁出场亮相，10岁天天向上。20岁远大理想，30岁发奋图强。40岁基本定向，50岁处处吃香。60岁打打麻将，70岁处处闲逛。80岁拉拉家常，90岁挂在墙上！
009◎脱了衣服我是禽兽，穿上衣服我是衣冠禽兽！
010◎师太，你就从了老衲吧！…很久很久以后…师太，你就饶了老衲吧！
011◎“亲爱的，我…我怀孕了…三个月了，不过你放心，不是你的，不用你负责……”
012◎我们产生一点小分歧：她希望我把粪土变黄金，我希望她视黄金如粪土。
013◎读10年语文，不如聊半年QQ。
014◎早晨懒床，遂从口袋里掏出6枚硬币：如果抛出去六个都是正面，我就去上课！思躇良久，还是算了，别冒这个险了……
015◎我花8万买了个西周陶罐，昨儿到《鉴宝》栏目进行鉴定，专家严肃地说：“这哪是西周的？这是上周的！”
016◎我能容忍身材是假的，脸是假的，胸是假的，臀是假的！！！但就是不容忍钱是假的！！！！
017◎士为知己者装死女为悦己者整容。
018◎长大了要嫁给唐僧，能玩就玩，不能玩就把他吃掉。
019◎一山不能容二虎，除非一公和一母。
020◎千万别等到人人都说你丑时才发现自己真的丑。
021◎如果朋友可以出卖，每个值五块的话，我也能发笔小财了。
022◎征婚启事：要求如下，A活的，B女的。
023◎给点阳光我就腐烂。
024◎要适当吃一点，才有劲减肥啊。
025◎摇啊摇，摇到奈何桥。
026◎命运负责洗牌，但是玩牌的是我们自己！
027◎问：你喜欢我哪一点？答：我喜欢你离我远一点！
028◎你快回来，我一人忽悠不来！
029◎生活就像宋祖德的嘴，你永远都不知道下一个倒霉的会是谁~~~
030◎跌倒了，爬起来再哭~~~
031◎世界上难以自拔的，除了牙齿，还有爱情。
032◎一恐龙路过西安交大时上了趟厕所，出来后她呜咽道：“555，这辈子终于不愁嫁不出去了……”
033◎生，容易。活，容易。生活，不容易。
034◎吾表兄，年四十余。始从文，连考三年而不中。遂习武，练武场上发一矢，中鼓吏，逐之出。改学医，自撰一良方，服之，卒。
035◎问君能有几多愁，恰似一群太监上青楼……
036◎吾生也有涯，而吃也无涯~~~
037◎想污染一个地方有两种方法：垃圾，或是钞票！
038◎年轻的时候，我们常常冲着镜子做鬼脸；年老的时候，镜子算是扯平了。
039◎你瞎了眼啊？这么大的盾牌你看不见，偏偏要把石头朝我脑袋上扔！
040◎出问题先从自己身上找原因，别一便秘就怪地球没引力。
041◎拍脑袋决策，拍胸脯保证，拍屁股走人。
042◎我们走得太快，灵魂都跟不上了……
043◎不要和地球人一般见识~~~
044◎女孩从处女到女人只要一次并成功，男孩从处男变男人需要反复的磨练！
045◎出来混，老婆迟早是要换的！
046◎小时候我以为自己长大后可以拯救整个世界，等长大后才发现整个世界都拯救不了我……
047◎有钱的都是大爷！但是欠钱不还的更是！
048◎我就算是一只癞蛤蟆，我也决不娶母癞蛤蟆。
049◎生前何必久睡，死后自会长眠……
050◎不想当厨子的裁缝，不是好司机。
051◎时间是最好的老师，但遗憾的是——最后他把所有的学生都弄死了。
052◎ 去西安出差的路上，一位大连老兄一阵狂吹大连多好多好，然后说大连建市一百周年的时候举行了很隆重的庆祝活动云云，然后问了旁边一人：“西安建市一百周年 有什么庆祝活动没有？”旁边几位西安的哥们一愣，过了一会儿，逼出一句话来：“我记得西安建市600年的时候搞了一个‘烽火戏诸侯’吧……”
053◎钻石恒久远，一颗就破产！
054◎和谐校园里，骑自行车的也许是位博导，而开奔驰的则可能是个后勤……
055◎是金子，总会花光的；是镜子，总会反光的……
056◎我女友不当尼姑的原因是她四级没过，庵里不收。
057◎明星脱一点就能更出名，我脱的光光的却被抓起来了！
058◎看一漂亮MM,苦无搭讪办法，路旁一砖头，拣起，上前，“同学，这是你掉的吧？”
059◎小时候的梦想并不是要当什么科学家，幻想自己是地主家的少爷，家有良田千顷，终日不学无术，没事领着一群狗奴才上街去调戏一下良家少女……
060◎别和我谈理想，戒了！
061◎玫瑰你的，巧克力你的，钻石你的。你，我的！
062◎所谓惊喜就是你苦苦等候的兔子来了，后面跟着狼！
063◎什么是幸褔？幸福就是猫吃鱼狗吃肉，奥特曼打小怪兽！
064◎俩农夫吹牛：“俺们农场的鸡，吃的都是茶叶，下的全是茶叶蛋”“有嘛啊，咱农场给鸡吃钱包，让它下荷包蛋。”
065◎蟑螂都不怕蟑螂药了，我们却连维生素都搞不定！
066◎长个包子样就别怨狗跟着！
067◎男人偷腥时的智商仅次于爱因斯坦！
068◎为中华而努力读书！一包中华好多钱啊……
069◎如果你不能给你的女人穿上嫁衣，那么千万别停下你解开她衣扣的手！
070◎别以为穿着脏衣服就可以做污点证人；别以为穿着木制拖鞋就可以做木屐证人……
071◎事业是国家的，荣誉是单位的，成绩是领导的，工资是老婆的，财产是孩子的，错误是自己的。
072◎凤凰重生就是涅盘，野鸡重生就是尸变。
073◎如果有一天我变成流氓，请告诉别人，我纯真过……
074◎老子不但有车，还是自行的……
075◎女人拥有无数个QQ号只为了调戏一个男人，男人常用一个QQ号上面加满各种各样的女人……
076◎偶然看见书上所谓的当代女子择偶标准：“有车有房，父母双亡。”郁闷。遂写下幻想中的选妻标准：“家中财产过亿，美貌天下第一，贤惠温柔性感，岳父癌症晚期……”
077◎大部分人一辈子只做三件事：自欺、欺人、被人欺。
078◎睡眠是一门艺术——谁也无法阻挡我追求艺术的脚步！
079◎为了避免家庭暴力，于是我决定不结婚！
080◎你可以像猪一样的生活，但你永远都不能像猪那样快乐！
081◎ 迅雷不及掩耳盗铃，以不变应万变不离其宗，成事不足挂齿，此物最相思风雨中，一屋不扫何以扫天下无敌，东边日出西边雨一直下，举头望明月几时有，呆若木鸡 毛当令箭，杀鸡焉用牛刀小试，锋芒毕露春光，围魏救赵宝奎，Very good bye，八格牙鲁冰花，一泻千里共婵娟……
082◎某女的一篇博客日记：某月某日，大醉而归，伸手一摸——手机和贞操都在，睡觉！
083◎又美丽、又纯洁、又温柔、又性感、又可爱的处女，就像鬼魂一样，男人们都在谈论它，但从来没有人亲眼见过……
084◎记得小学老师骂我：“我一巴掌把你踢出去！”当时我想笑却不敢笑。现在，是敢笑却不会笑了……
085◎如果幸福是浮云，如果痛苦似星辰。那我的生活真是万里无云，漫天繁星……
086◎避孕的效果：不成功，便成“人”。
087◎孤单是一个人的狂欢，狂欢是一群人的孤单。
088◎这世上最累的事情，莫过于眼睁睁看着自己的心碎了，还得自己动手把它粘起来。
089◎人生的悲惨在于：辛辛苦苦的作了一晚上内容香艳的美梦，第二天早上醒来居然全都记不起来了！
090◎父亲问我人生有什么追求？我回答金钱和美女，父亲凶狠的打了我的脸；我回答事业与爱情，父亲赞赏的摸了我的头。
091◎男人都好色，色心稍强一点叫色狼，再强一点叫色鬼，更加强就叫色魔，尤其强那就成了变态色魔，好色到了极致，被称作人体美学艺术家。
092◎记得刚毕业不久的一天，女友给我发了一条短信：“我们还是分手吧！”我还没来得及伤心呢，女友又发来一条：“对不起，发错了。”这下可以彻底伤心了……
093◎此地禁止大小便，违者没收工具。
094◎在街上看美女，目光高一点就是欣赏，目光低一点就是流氓。
095◎孩儿他娘，咱这辈子还有很多事要做呢，别耽误功夫和我玩捉迷藏了，赶紧蹦出来吧~~~
096◎女人一生喜欢两朵花：一是有钱花，二是尽量花！
097◎一炮走红——是形容女艺人的……
098◎这个世界不公平就在于：上帝说：“我要光！”于是有了白天。美女说：“我要钻戒！”于是她有了钻戒。富豪说：“我要女人！”于是他有了女人。我说：“我要洗澡！”居然停水了！
099真不明白，女孩买很多很多漂亮衣服穿，就是为了吸引男孩的目光，但男孩想看的，却是不穿衣服的女孩。
100◎偶尔幽生活一默你会觉得很爽，但生活幽你一默就惨了……

希望给自己一次机会，重新鼓起勇气，整理一下自己的东西，一并整理一下心情，把这里作为一个可以探讨一些小问题的心灵花园。

会不会有后悔的一天，现在还不好说啊，但是可以想象一下将来，还是很幸福的一件事，似乎，我们还有将来，现在的现在，对面可能就是可怕的将来，恋旧的人啊，总是对过去依依不舍，却看不到，谜一般的未来。犹如海伦凯勒，没有遇见她的启蒙教师之前。

又忍不住来教室上网，在家已经习惯了这种生活，现在就像是忽然之间被绑架，空投到了一个相当原始又陌生的地方。好在几个月来，慢慢适应了。

又忍不住去了书店，看到南京和天津的老地图，1936年的，很喜欢，也许这就暗示，我是一个恋旧的人吧。各买了两份，给朋友也带一份。

又忍不住买了二百元的书，包括《住宅巡礼》是一个叫中村好文的日本建筑师写的。图文并茂，细节丰富，难得的一本很对我口味的好书，虽然很贵，人民大学出版社出版的，要56元啊。还有两本书应该是孩子喜欢看的，是插图珍藏版的《鸟》和《昆虫》一共花了39+62=101元。因为我以前拍过一些虫子和鸟的照片，却不知道拍的究竟叫什么，有什么特点，这一下可以更加丰富自己的业余爱好了。

最近看了一个观鸟网站，很受感动，于是想去买书，买望远镜，买照相机......

本人也算是很没有志气的玩物丧志型的典范吧。总是不务正业地玩一些花钱又花精力的东西，但是，自己又从内心深处摆脱不了这种感觉，哎，过了而立之年了，难道不是很没用吗？

却又总是在内心里为自己开脱，其实，我本热爱这大千世界，所以我喜欢那些可爱的小生灵，所以我支持生态和可持续发展战略，强烈支持绿色建筑设计和节能环保建筑设计。

    如果给定同样的相对高度100米，同样是采用步行方式而不利用机械设备，同样需要登5、6百级台阶到达，那么，人们宁愿地点是在山地间，在爬山游玩，而决不会选择是在高层建筑物的楼梯间里挨累。消耗同样多的体能，为什么人们乐于在山地间，而厌恶在楼梯间呢？因为山地有无限的美景可供欣赏。
    当我们一再地痴迷于城市的灯红酒绿、沉醉于城市的繁华喧嚣的时候，我们的心灵已经很难体味沉静如水安稳如山的平和之感。只有在大自然的真山真水的广阔怀抱里，我们的心灵才能真正忘却浮躁和纷乱。每一次调研，登临辽西的崇山峻岭，每一次都如服用了一剂安抚灵魂的灵丹妙药。而每每的心灵平静之余，我又总会发现刹那的惊喜，让我的心狂跳不已，那就是辽西山地间的传统景观建筑。当对于建筑的爱，与对于自然山水的爱结合一处，我发现自己陷入了另一种沉醉与执著。
    执著于探寻和审视建筑之美与自然之美的结合，不顾荒莽间的禽兽虫蛇，也不顾山地间的路险峰绝；不在乎闾山上的风吹日晒，也不在乎凤凰山的暴雨冰雹。沉醉于与那些山地传统景观建筑不期而遇的惊喜，蓦然回首的发现，也沉醉于那些山地传统景观建筑叹为观止的奇险，摄人心魄的壮观。
    一次次由激动不已的举起相机到静下心来耐心的测绘，一次次由宏观的远远眺望到近前细节的摩挲体味，总希望巨细无遗地记载所见所闻，总希望能长久停驻而不愿离去。

                             田波  曹犇

摘要：本文通过对锦州市城市街道景观建设的多方面分析，探讨了锦州市街道以对景为主要特点的景观特色，同时对街道景观存在的问题提出了相应的解决的建议和意见。

关键词：景观、街道、对景、对策

    城市景观是城市中各种视觉事物及视觉事件与城市周围空间组织关系的艺术。街道是城市的结构基础，其景观设计艺术表现力也最强，最能直观地代表一个城市的形象。美国一位科学家讲过：“如果城市的街道看起来有趣，城市就有趣；如果它看起来很单调呆板，城市就显得单调呆板”。“道路、街道是城市空间给人的第一印象，它的地位无法替代。”

    由于街道的设计涉及道路的等级和层次关系、交通要求、空间景观、建筑的立面和轮廓线、街道小品以及人的心理和行为模式，生活形态，行动特点等等诸多因素，篇幅所限，本文略去城市街道景观中的建筑部分，仅就所涉及的其他几个主要方面作初步探讨：

1基本状况：

1.1街道方位

    锦州市城区街道基本上呈规则的网格状布置，多数建筑都是顺应街道的走向而接近正向布置。从使用者的认知角度来说，锦州市内的街道方向明确，方位感较强，容易分辨。这一点对于本地居民和初到这座城市的人都是方便有利的。（见图1）    

1.2街道铺装

    对人行道的铺装加以改造是美化城市街道景观的主要手法之一。因为人行步道是使用频率最高、最亲近城市居民的部分。铺装的色彩和图案的选择十分重要，恰当的色彩和图案应与城市的整体色调相和谐，而又不乏活力与惊喜的感觉，

2景观构成

2.1街道绿化

    街道的绿化是城市街道景观的重要组成部分，去过南京的人，都对其路在林中的街道绿化印象深刻。经过改造，锦州市的街边绿化已经呈现出不同以往的特色。洛阳路在自行车道和机动车道之间设置了绿化带隔离，绿化效果十分突出，让人感到其景观街的雏形基本显现，很受市民欢迎。这种绿化方式打破了街道的单调气氛，让使用者倍感亲切舒适。未来的道路改造可以之为参考。

    解放路的一侧更是设计了花池，从五一到十一期间都有园林工人精心摘培各色花卉，使城市的这条主干道色彩缤纷，煞是好看。而且主要路段安置了埋入式彩色射灯，使夜晚的街道绿化看起来也十分引人注目。参考借鉴其他城市街道景观处理的成功经验是街道景观设计的一条捷径。（见图2）

2.2街道的对景和借景

    街道的对景景观不仅能明确街道的方向感，加强其导向作用，还可以增加街道空间的完整性，甚至有的对景还可以表达城市的文脉关系。一个城市的历史总是在影响着这个城市的存在和发展。

2.2.1以纪念性建筑物为街道对景

    而云飞街北端的对景景观则是水上公园的入口广场。从北部较高的庄重纪念性的端点到南部较低的群众娱乐性的端点，云飞街联系着锦州的过去与现在，英雄与民众，炮火硝烟与太平祥和，其中的寓意深远，耐人寻味。

2.2.2以交通转盘为街道对景

    人民街的街口位置设置了转盘，其中设置了顶端立着龙鸟形象的景观柱。在锦州地区发掘出的中华龙鸟，寓意着这块土地的历史久远，有着厚重的文化沉积。景观雕像的文化底蕴深厚，体现了生活在这里的每一个市民的骄傲与自豪。（见图4）

2.2.3以火车站为对景

    火车站作为重要的交通核心，因其设用性质和占地特点，通常都居于街道的一个端头，而且该街道因交通量较大通常比较宽阔，因此对景效果显著。对于乘坐火车离开这座城市的人们，火车站更是这座城市留给他们最后的建筑印象。

2.2.4以企业、学校或居住小区的大门为对景

    也有一些街道的端头是某个单位的大门，多数是企业学校或居住小区。这种对景形式也能够起到一定的景观效果。主要是取决于该单位的大门设计的是否有特色，能够点景，是否吸引街道上行人的视线，给街区增加亮点。

    街道的借景也是街道景观的组成部分之一。锦州周围多山，许多街道的远景就是远山。这种自然天成的借景也成为锦城街道的一大特色。例如，从解放路向东出城时，远处的紫荆山总是出现在眼帘，高大庄重的形体和一年四季变幻的色彩给城市凭添了许多诗情画意。（见图5）

2.3街道标志和小品

    街道的名称标志牌都经过设计，起到标识作用的同时也有广告效应。不锈钢的材料现代感很强，也被应用于公交站点的候车亭。公交车的站点指示牌有图例，设计直观很是人性化。

    街头的小品大多与城市历史文脉有关系，增加了城市的文化内涵河文化意蕴。其中的道光酒出土石碑（见图6），云飞街的街名碑等石碑是展示城市历史的特定手段，让外来游客和本地居民都能依据这些标志实物了解历史事实。把历史渊源以实物的形式固化，展示出来很具时代特点。这也是教育和团结民众，提高本地居民的本土意识和城市认同感的有效方式。但在表达形式上不够新颖，对于这类小品的体量大小和设置位置也应审慎考虑。

3解决现存问题的几点建议

3.1把握文脉突出特色

    增加街道景观的人文气息和历史内涵，充分发挥锦州市历史悠久，文化氛围浓重的城市特质，把街道景观的设计和改造与当地的历史文脉联系起来，这样才能形成自己的城市景观特色，而不是“千城一面”。纪念馆街角的枫树和南大桥头附近的红梅，都是用抽象植物雕塑与真实植物配合，而带来都市的现代气息，但是与城市的文脉和历史没有联系，似乎放在其他城市也可以。

3.2规范管理引导教育

    主要是街市停车问题。由于城区规划街道的宽度受历史条件限制，建筑物前停车宽度不够，往往挤占人行通道。人民街上已经取消了人行道空间，目的就是给机动车让出更大的通行宽度和停车位。而许多街道因为停车宽度不够，汽车停放时居然占据了盲道。一方面对这类素质不高的市民应该采用多种方式引导教育，另一方面，应尽量避免街道的盲目拓宽，挤占人行步道。

3.3创造商机增强活力

    一个城市的没有一个令人赏心悦目的步行街多少让人感到一丝遗憾，它是街道景观中最具特色的一个部分。古塔公园门前的步行街在几年的使用后，现在已经允许小汽车出入了。步行街的衰落与周围店铺的经营不景气有很大的关系。建议创造适宜的商业氛围，增加该步行街的环境设施，提高环境质量，提供更多供人停留休憩的空间。

3.4建构场所增加认同

    似乎自古以来，中国的街道一直就只适合交通之用，而不是适合人停驻和休闲的地方。实际上，恰好相反，在这方面人们有越来越多需求，却因为受到许多客观因素的制约而不能实现。城市设计师应该提供更多有趣味的街道景观小品，建构居民喜爱的富于特色的场所，进而形成居民认同的街区特色。另外增加应对人口老龄化的公共服务设施，有条件的地方应创造供老年人休憩和简单娱乐的街边休闲空间。

3.5优化系统整合资源

    客观地讲，整个街道是一个复杂的系统，街道景观只是其表象的一部分。正因为如此，对街道景观经常会受到相关的市政基础设施等方面的直接影响。例如各种管线架在街道上空，密如蛛网，对街道景观有很大影响，有条件的应埋设地下暗管。再如，水、热、煤气等沿街地下管线维修维护，应统筹安排，避免对街道的重复开挖和破坏。总之，应该优化街道这个系统，使之高效完备而且运转正常，这样对于街道景观改善才有更多有益的帮助。

4总结

    综上所述，作为一个发展中的中小型城市，锦州市的城市街道景观建设面貌不断有所改观并且已经形成一定的特色，主要是体现自然环境的对景和借景以及体现人文历史的雕塑和小品。对存在的一些问题本文也提出了一些建议。如今中小城市的街道景观建设也正逐步受到越来越多市民的重视，为建构和谐社会，使更多的人共享改革开放以来的建设成果，很必要对具体城市的街道景观建设加以深入研究。

Landscape on The Street of Jinzhou

ABSTRACT：Based on the analysis to the landscape on the street we draw the characteristics of the street landscape design in Jinzhou and also give out the suggestions to the problems.

KEY WORDS： Landscape , Street ,The opposite landscape，Suggestions

参考文献：

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［3］邹德慈.城市设计概论.北京：中国建筑工业出版社

［4］张斌，杨北帆. 城市设计与环境艺术.天津：天津大学出版社